smu assignment of MCA 1st sem system analysis and design

Assignment of System Analysis and Design

Question No-1 List different types of Systems. Compare Physical or abstract systems and Open or closed systems.

Answer:-

Types of systems now as we are clear the concept of system let us study different types of systems. There are different types of system. These can be categorized in many ways. One such classification of systems in given below:

1.     Physical or abstract Systems

Physical are material entities that may be static or dynamic in process. For example the physical constituents of the computer center are the offices, desks, and chairs that facilitate function of the computer.

2.     Open or closed systems

An open system frequently converses with its surroundings. It obtains inputs from and provides output to the outside.

3.     Deterministic probabilistic systems

A deterministic system is defined as a system one in which the incidence of all events is completely forecasted. It we obtain the depiction of the system condition at a specific  time the next condition can be simply calculated.

4.      Man-made information systems

An information system is the foundation for communication among the user and the analyst.it identifies the nature of association between decision makers.

5.     Manual and automated systems

6.     Real time systems

7.     Distributed systems

8.     Business systems

Physical or abstract systems:-

Physical systems are material entities that may be static or dynamic in process. For example, the physical constituents of the computer center are the offices, desks and chairs that facilitate function of the computer. They can be observed and counted, they are static. Alternatively, programmed computer is treated as dynamic system where data programs, output and application alters as the user’s need or the priority of the information requested changes. Abstract systems are theoretical or non-physical entities which may be as simple as formulas of associations between sets of variables of modes.

Open or closed systems:-

An open system frequently converses with its surroundings. It obtains inputs from and provides output to the outside. Information system is an example of and open system , as it is adapted to the altering of the user. On the contrary a closed system is cut off from ecological manipulation. In reality, closed systems are uncommon.

Question No- 3 Explain the concept of Analysis and Design in system development life cycle.

  Answer:-

Concept of Analysis in system development life cycle:-

The next phase is known as analysis. It can be considered as a comprehensive study of rumerous operations accomplished by the system and their association inside and outside of the system. It also involves understanding the nature of the information and function and of the software that is required for the system. The main question is that to do to solve the problem.

One facet of analysis is specifying the limitations of the system and identifying whether or not a system, should take into account other related systems. During analysis, data is gathered on accessible files and transactions managed by the existing system.

It needs special skills and understanding by the analyst o the subjects being interviewed. Prejudice of the analysis in data gathering and its interpretation can be a problem. Training, experience and common sense are needed for compilation of the information required to perform analysis. After completing the analysis, the analysis has a clear understanding of what is to be performed.

Concept of Design in system development life cycle:-

The next phase that comes after analysis is system design. After completion of software requirements specification SRS) document in analysis phase, the analyst makes a plan to handle the software project. System planning is considered as the most essential part of the design phase.

System planning involves the total cost estimation of developing the system together with the estimation of total time period needed. A project team is finalized with complete staff needed for each phase. Now, the analyst decides how the problem can be solved. Therefore, in the systems design phase, we shift from the logical to the physical aspects of the life cycle.

System design is considered as the most inventive and challenging phase of the system life cycle. The term design portrays a final system and a method by which it is developed. It points to the technical specifications ( similar to the engineer’s proposals) that will be applied in executing the system. It also involves the building of programs and program testing.

Question No 3 Write short notes on: a. Data Dictionary b. Data Element c. Data Structure d. Data Store e. Data Flow Answer:-

Data Dictionary:-

A catalogue comprising all data elements, data structures and processes depicted in logical DFDs is known as a data dictionary.

Data Element:-

Data element is defined as the smallest unit of data having some meaning. For example, part code, name, etc. are data elements.

Data Structure:-

A set of data elements that illustrate a unit in the system is known as data structure. For example, part details is a data structure comprising part code, part name, etc. data elements.

Data Store:-

A data Structure used for gathering data input throughout processing is known as data store. For example, part register is a data store.

Data Flow:-

A data structure that represents a unit of data in motion is known as data flow. For example, a data flow, new part details moves from an external entity to a process.

Question No- 5 What are the different types of methods used for the training of operators and users? Discuss.

Answer:-

Vendor and In-service Training:-

The best source of training is the vendor who provides the equipment. Mainly, vendors provide extensive educational programs included in their services. The courses provided by experienced trainers and  sales personnel, includes all aspects of utilizing the equipment such as how to turn it on and off, how to store and retrieve data, etc. one session is provided for hands on training also in order that the members can freely use the system in front of the trainers

In service training takes place after an employee starts using the software. On installation of some software like database management system or teleprocessing training employee before hand is preferable to in service training.

In-house Training:-

The major benefit of providing in house training is that instructions can be customized as per the needs of the organization. The vendors generally negotiate fees and charges of the more cost effective in order that organizations can include more personnel in the training program. In house training enables vendors, to understand the real time problems and suggest appropriate remedies. The disadvantages of in house telephone calls business crisis and other disruptions.

Question No- 6 Explain the concept of inheritance and polymorphism with example. Answer:-

Inheritance:-

Now you will recognize another significant concept of object-oriented systems known as inheritance.

Inheritance is defined as a method in which the subclass inherits the properties and attributes of a class. In the process of inheritance the subclasses can be refined by adding some new attributes and functionality.

A lot of repetitive coding is there when numerous different classes supporting the same protocol are executed. Inheritance permits the sharing of the implementation of operations to most of the object-oriented systems instead of duplicate code in different classes.

Classes can include children. This is to specify that one class cane be generated from another class. The original or parent class is considered as a base class. The child class is considered as a derived class. A derived class inherits all the attributes and behaviors of the base class. However, a derived class may have extra attributes and behaviors.

Example:-

 There can be a ‘Vehicle’ class for a car company that comprises attributes like size, color, and make, the programming labour is reduced by inheritance as common objects can be used easily. It is only required to state the ‘car’ class is inherited from the ‘Vehicle’ class then offer any additional details regarding new attributes or behaviors that are excusive to a car. All the attributes and behaviors or the ‘Vehicle’ class are automatically is considered as a part of the ‘Car’ class. It does not require any additional programming.

For many years, program code reuse has been a part of structured systems development and programming languages (such as COBOL). There have been subprograms that encapsulate data. However inheritance is an aspect that is only found in object-oriented systems.

Polymorphism:-

Polymorphism signifies to influence the objects of different classes knowing just their general properties. For example, and operation reservation would be considered appropriately by a class illustrating a train by means of rules applicable to the railway. The same operation reservation would be considered in a different way by another class in case of airline.

Polymorphism signifies many forms. It is also known as method overriding which is defined as the ability of an object-oriented program to have various forms of the same method having the same name inside a superclass/subclass relationship. The subclass inherits a parent method and can add to it or modify it.

The subclass can make a change to the type of data, or change the working manner of method.

Example:-

 There might be a customer who obtains an extra volume discount, and the method for computing an order total is customized. The subclass method overrides the superclass method. When attributes or methods are specified more than once, the most generalized one is used.

The same message to two dissimilar objects can generate dissimilar results. The concept that a message provides dissimilar meanings to dissimilar objects is known as polymorphism. For example, the message ‘good Night’ notifies the ‘Parent’ objects to read a bedtime story, but the same message, when sent to the ‘pet’ object, notifies the  pet to sleep, the message ‘Good Night’ to the ‘Child’ object notifies it to get ready for bed.